9/6/2023 0 Comments Issue with sodium element![]() ![]() In the latter, it typically prevails at concentrations near 470 mM (Harris 1996 Epstein and Bloom 2005), and these can be higher still in areas of high evaporation and limited rainfall, such as regions near 30° latitude. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in earth’s crust, where it comprises some 2.8 % (Lutgens and Tarbuck 2003), and, after chloride, is the second most abundant solute in the oceans. Our review investigates intriguing connections and disconnections between Na + nutrition and toxicity, and concludes that several leading paradigms in the field, such as on the roles of Na + influx and tissue accumulation or the cytosolic K +/Na + ratio in the development of toxicity, are currently insufficiently substantiated and require a new, critical approach. We examine connections between the nutritional and toxic roles throughout, and place special emphasis on the relationship of Na + to plant potassium (K +) relations and homeostasis. ![]() Here, we review the ion’s divergent roles as a nutrient and toxicant, focusing on growth responses, membrane transport, stomatal function, and paradigms of ion accumulation and sequestration. Following the principle of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus), Na + is, however, beneficial to many species at lower levels of supply, and in some, such as certain C4 species, indeed essential. Sodium (Na +) is one of the most intensely researched ions in plant biology and has attained a reputation for its toxic qualities. ![]()
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